Notes:
[1] Michael Howard, “The Use and Abuse of History,” Parameters 11, no. 1 (1981), 14, https://press.armywarcollege.edu/parameters/vol11/iss1/16
[2] Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, “Western Sahara,” https://www.britannica.com/place/Western-Sahara (accessed January 21, 2021).
[3] Graham H. Cornwell, “Africa’s Last Colony,” Foreign Affairs, June 12, 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/algeria/2016-06-12/africas-last-colony.
[4] “Non-Self-Governing Territories,” United Nations, accessed September 23, 2021, https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt.
[5] Osama Abi-Mershed and Adam Farrar, “Chapter 1: A History of the Conflict in Western Sahara,” in Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics, edited by Anouar Boukhars and Jacque Roussellier, (Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2013).
[6] I. William Zartman, “Chapter 3: Moroccan Saharan Policy,” in Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics, edited by Anouar Boukhars and Jacque Roussellier, (Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2013).
[7] George McGovern in “Introduction,” in Western Sahara: War, Nationalism and Conflict Resolution, edited by Stephen Zunes and Jacob Mundy, (Syracuse University Press, 2010), xiv.
[8] Howard, 12-13.
[9] Howard, 13.
[10] Abi-Mershed and Farrar; John Damis, “The Impact of the Saharan Dispute on Moroccan Foreign and Domestic Policy,” in The Political Economy of Morocco, ed. I. William Zartman (New York: Praeger, 1987), 190.
[11] Ibid.; Abi-Mershed and Farrar.
[12] John Damis, “King Hassan and the Western Sahara,” The Maghreb Review 25, no. 1-2 (2000): 17.
[13] Ibid.
[14] Stephen O. Hughes, “Chapter 26: The Green March,” Morocco under King Hassan, (Ithaca Press: Reading, 2001), 231.
[15] Damis, “The Impact of the Saharan Dispute on Moroccan Foreign and Domestic Policy,” 190.
[16] Damis, “King Hassan and the Western Sahara,” 19, 27.
[17] Howard, 13.
[18] Abdi Latif Dahir, “Western Sahara Independence Group Ends Truce With Morocco,” New York Times, November 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/14/world/middleeast/western-sahara-morocco-polisario.html.
[19] Jillian Kestler-D’Amours, “US recognized Morocco’s claim to Western Sahara. Now what?” Al Jazeera, December 11, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/11/us-recognised-moroccos-claim-to-western-sahara-now-what.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Alex MacDonald, “Israel-Morocco deal: Palestinians and Sahrawis hope for renewed solidarity,” Middle East Eye, December 13, 2020, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-morocco-deal-palestine-western-sahara-solidarity.
[22] Joseph Stepansky, “Why Biden’s Western Sahara policy remains under review,” Al Jazeera, June 13, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/13/why-biden-administration-and-western-sahara.
[23] “Written evidence submitted by Western Sahara Campaign UK,” UK Parliament Publications, March 22, 2010, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/memo/human/m22002.htm.
[24] Damis, “The Impact of the Saharan Dispute on Moroccan Foreign and Domestic Policy,” 193.
[25] Ibid.
[26] Howard, 9-10.
[27] Ibid, 199.
[28] Yasmina Abouzzohour, “Morocco’s partial normalization with Israel comes with risks and gains,” Brookings, December 14, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/12/14/moroccos-partial-normalization-with-israel-comes-with-risks-and-gains/.
[29] International Crisis Group, “Western Sahara: The Cost of the Conflict,” International Crisis Group, June 11, 2007, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/western-sahara/western-sahara-cost-conflict.
[30] “Morocco/Western Sahara (1976-present),” University of Central Arkansas, accessed June 20, 2021, https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/moroccopolisario-front-1976-present/.
[31] Damis, “The Impact of the Saharan Dispute on Moroccan Foreign and Domestic Policy,” 210.
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