As negotiations over slowing climate change unfold at the COP27 climate summit in Egypt, a group of scientists and conservationists is pushing for recognition of the Angolan Highlands as a vital carbon sink.The network of rivers, lakes and peatlands surrounded by miombo woodland in these highlands together maintain the year-round flow of water into the Okavango River Basin, and ultimately the wildlife-rich Okavango Delta in Botswana.Isolated for decades by civil war, in peacetime the Angolan Highlands have increasingly attracted returning populations to log, drain its bogs, and clear forests for agriculture.The National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project is pushing for protection of vital parts of the highlands to safeguard their role as a “water tower” for countries in the region — and prevent the peatlands from turning from a carbon sink into a carbon source.
It’s a stunning landscape with a prophetic name: Lisima lya mwono, or “the source of life” as it’s known in the language of the local Luchazi people.
But that’s not the only reason Vladimir Russo has been talking up the Angolan Highlands at this year’s COP27 climate summit in Egypt.
“It’s one of the largest peatland systems. The latest data that we’ve collected indicates that it’s been growing for 7,000 years. The peat bogs capture lots of carbon and might be a solution for climate change,” he told Mongabay over the phone from the resort city of Sharm el-Sheikh.
Rivers originating in these highlands in southeastern Angola supply three major river basins, including 95% of the water in the Okavango Basin, which feeds Botswana’s wildlife-rich Okavango Delta more than 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) to the south.
Aerial view of peat bogs by Source Lake, Cuando River in Angola. Image © Kostadin Luchansky/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
“We are not solely interested in the landscape, but really the function of the peats which operate as a sponge,” Russo said.
Russo is an Angolan environmentalist and the technical adviser to the National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project (NGOWP), which has carried out extensive scientific research in the highlands over the past decade.
The team has identified 16 source lakes in Moxico province. The lakes feed rivers including the Cuito and Cubango, which converge near Angola’s border with Namibia to become the Okavango and flow onward through Namibia’s Caprivi Strip and into Botswana before fanning out into the vast inland Okavango Delta.
But human activities in the Angolan Highlands threaten to disrupt things.
The highlands have been isolated for decades by civil war and extensive minefields. Now, local populations are returning to live there, draining the peat bogs and clearing miombo woodlands for agriculture.
Miombo is the term used for the broad-leaved deciduous trees that dominate the landscape. They’re dryland specialists, according to ecologists, able to draw nutrients and moisture from the area’s poor soils. When the region’s new farmers plant dryland crops like millet, maize and cassava, the soil is quickly exhausted, pushing them to move on to new areas.
Illegal loggers are aggressively targeting hardwoods like mussivi, the African rosewood (Guibourtia coleosperma), in Moxico and neighboring Cuando Cubango province, south of the highlands. The region’s remoteness is now a liability: timber felling can go undetected and unpunished, at least for a while.
“Sometimes companies are operating there for weeks before someone pays attention,” Russo said. “Only when they’re transporting the logs, and they don’t have the licenses, it gets identified that they are doing illegal activities, but the damage has already been done.”
With the end of civil war and clearing of minefields, local populations are returning to the highlands. Farmers are draining peat bogs and clearing miombo woodlands for crops, but find the soil is quickly exhausted by dryland crops like maize or cassava. Image © Mauro Sérgio/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
This illegal logging is taking place despite a national prohibition on felling mussivi. In September, a report in the Angola Telegraph said around 30,000 logs had been seized over the past two years in the southern province of Namibe, destined for China.
But Russo said he hopes to draw the attention of politicians and the scientific community at COP27 to the peatlands that form an integral part of this upland ecosystem.
“We see that there is a pristine ecosystem there that can actually be a potential solution for carbon sequestration in the area, and has not been studied enough, and has not been understood enough,” he said.
The future of the peatlands, conservatively estimated to cover 1,600 square kilometers (more than 600 square miles), hangs in the balance. The new pressures from local communities could flip them from a carbon store to a carbon source, said Mauro Lourenco, a Ph.D. candidate at the School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies at South Africa’s University of the Witwatersrand.
Lourenco has studied Moxico’s peatlands and authored a number of peer-reviewed papers on the threats they’re facing.
“A decrease in peatland health will negatively impact the carbon sequestration capability of these ecosystems, and ultimately increase greenhouse gas emissions as they turn from carbon sinks into carbon sources, which will contribute further to climate change in a negative cycle,” he said.
Even without damage caused by returning populations, regional climate models for Angola predict a drier and warmer future that could make the peatlands more vulnerable to desiccation and burning. A paper Lourenco co-authored that was published this month found that river valley environments that support peatlands burned more frequently than adjacent hilltops and their miombo woodlands.
“The communities practice a subsistence lifestyle that is likely to become more difficult under future climate scenarios, and this would prompt these individuals to target the peatlands and woodlands for fuel, water and cultivation,” he said.
Russo said the NGOWP team will be making a case for the boundaries of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) to be extended to offer protection to Moxico province, especially its source lakes and peatlands. At the moment, the KAZA TFCA only extends as far as the northern border of Cuando Cubango province.
About 25% of Africa’s miombo woodland is found in Angola. Image © Chris Boyes/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
Miombo woodlands and forests are able to minimize water loss by shielding the wet undergrowth and moss from the sun and creating a thick mist overnight that condenses on the foliage. Without these forests the water seeping into these rivers would be lost to the sky. Image © Kostadin Luchansky/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
The Angolan woodlands serve a vital function in regulating the flow and quality of the waters that feed river systems downstream, including the Okavango Delta. Image © Kostadin Luchansky/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
A member of National Geographic’s Okavango Wilderness Project stands outside a tent while a fire set by hunters rages behind him. Understanding the culture of these fires and how it is affecting the local people and the ecology is crucial. Image © James Kydd/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
Residents rely on wildlife resources for food and fuel; but they are also clearing forest and draining bogs for crops that are proving ill-suited to the soil here. Image © Cory Richards/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
The KAZA TFCA currently covers more than 500,000 km2 (193,000 mi2) of contiguous wildlife-rich national parks and protected areas and their interspersed human communities in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The entire conservation area is dependent on rivers rising in the Angolan Highlands.
“It doesn’t make any sense for the source lakes not to be included,” Russo said.
He said the team plans to push for the lakes and peatlands to be given additional protection under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty to safeguard wetlands, and for the establishment of community forest reserves.
“If you can start protecting small areas and let the community be aware of the need to protect their own land for their own benefit — that’s one of the solutions,” Russo said.
Banner image: Zebras in Okavango Delta, Botswana. Image © Kostadin Luchansky/National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project.
Citations:
Mendelsohn, J. M., & Martins, A. (2018). River catchments and development prospects in south-eastern Angola. WWF, TNC and NGOWP. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Mendelsohn/publication/341652220_South-eastern_Angola_-_A_synthesis_of_information_RAISON_2019/links/5ecd44734585152945144c0e/South-eastern-Angola-A-synthesis-of-information-RAISON-2019.pdf
Lourenco, M., Woodborne, S., & Fitchett, J. M. (2023). Fire regime of peatlands in the Angolan Highlands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(1), 1-17. doi:10.1007/s10661-022-10704-6
Lourenco, M., Fitchett, J. M., & Woodborne, S. (2022). Angolan highlands peatlands: Extent, age and growth dynamics. Science of The Total Environment, 810, 152315. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152315
Lourenco, M., Fitchett, J. M., & Woodborne, S. (2022). Peat definitions: A critical review. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 03091333221118353. doi:10.1177/03091333221118353
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Agriculture, Carbon Conservation, Carbon Emissions, Carbon Sequestration, Climate Change, Conflict, Conservation, Degraded Lands, Environment, Environmental Law, Forest Carbon, Forest Destruction, Governance, Peatlands, Rivers, Soil Carbon
Africa, Angola, Botswana, Southern Africa
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Publish date : 2022-11-11 08:00:00
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